![]() ![]() When action planning is low, however, people are less likely to use their anger to engage in persistent and goal-oriented behavior. This, in turn increases the likelihood of constructive goal-oriented behavior following anger. 2018 Zacher and Frese 2018) and to use the energy and approach motivation provided by anger to direct them towards a set goal. We assume that the generation of action plans helps people to guide goal-directed behavior and activities (Frese et al. Specifically, we argue for the importance of psychological action planning as a boundary condition (Frese and Keith 2015). In the current study, we apply and integrate the different perspectives on the functional and dysfunctional consequences of anger arising from inappropriate goal progress on persistence and goal achievement. This, in turn, may have detrimental consequences for individuals’ goal attainment. Accordingly, anger might reduce persistence when people are mentally engaged in managing the anger-eliciting situation. On the other hand, some research reveals that when individuals experience anger this may create an off-task focus such that they have to focus their attention on coping with the negative emotion (Beal et al. On the one hand, anger is a discrete and activating affect that elicits behavioral approach tendencies (Carver and Harmon-Jones 2009 Maglio et al. There are divergent perspectives on the link between anger arising from inappropriate goal progress and persistence during goal striving. Was your angry reaction during goal pursuit functional or dysfunctional for goal achievement? More specifically, why and when did the feeling of anger during goal pursuit relate to goal achievement? We focus on persistence in goal pursuit as a core mechanism that links anger and goal achievement‚ and set action planning as a boundary condition that might help in answering these questions. Imagine further that during goal pursuit, a feeling of anger arose, for instance, because you were interrupted by others or because you were prevented from engaging in the goal by some external barriers. Think about a time when you set a personal or professional goal to be reached within a few days. Our results highlight the value of integrating action regulatory processes when discussing the relationships between affective states and goal achievement. ![]() When action planning was reported to be high, anger was unrelated to persistence and goal achievement. Across both studies, self-reported anger during goal pursuit is negatively related to later goal achievement through a decrease in persistence when participants’ action planning is low. Our analyses supported the general model. ![]() We tested the model in two correlational field studies (Study 1, N = 197 Study 2, N = 110). Drawing upon action regulation theory and the literature on affective consequences, we develop and test a moderated mediation model in which persistence functions as a mediator of the relationship between anger and goal achievement and this mediation is moderated by action planning. We investigate when and why anger during goal pursuit may positively or negatively relate to goal achievement. Anger is a fundamental negative activating state that may occur in the process of goal pursuit when goals are blocked or frustrated.
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